منابع مشابه
The quiet-Sun photosphere and chromosphere.
The overall structure and the fine structure of the solar photosphere outside active regions are largely understood, except possibly the important roles of a turbulent near-surface dynamo at its bottom, internal gravity waves at its top and small-scale vorticity. Classical one-dimensional static radiation-escape modelling has been replaced by three-dimensional time-dependent magento-hydrodynami...
متن کاملCoupling from the photosphere to the chromosphere and the corona
The atmosphere of the Sun is characterized by a complex interplay of competing physical processes: convection, radiation, conduction, and magnetic fields. The most obvious imprint of the solar convection and its overshooting in the low atmosphere is the granulation pattern. Beside this dominating scale there is a more or less smooth distribution of spatial scales, both towards smaller and large...
متن کاملThe quiet chromosphere Old wisdom , new insights , future needs
The introduction to this review summarizes chromosphere observation in two figures. The first part showcases the historical emphasis on the eclipse chromosphere in the development of NLTE line formation theory and criticizes 1D modeling. The second part advertises recent breakthroughs after many decades of standstill. The third part discusses what may or should come next.
متن کاملSeething Horizontal Magnetic Fields in the Quiet Solar Photosphere
The photospheric magnetic field outside of active regions and the network has a ubiquitous and dynamic line-of-sight component that strengthens from disk center to limb as expected for a nearly horizontal orientation. This component shows a striking time variation with an average temporal rms near the limb of 1.7 G at ∼3 resolution. In our moderate resolution observations the nearly horizontal ...
متن کاملThe energy of waves in the photosphere and lower chromosphere: 1. Velocity statistics
Context. Acoustic waves are one of the primary suspects besides magnetic fields for the chromospheric heating process to temperatures above radiative equilibrium (RE). Aims. We derived the mechanical wave energy as seen in line-core velocities to obtain a measure of mechanical energy flux with height for a comparison with the energy requirements in a semi-empirical atmosphere model, the Harvard...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
سال: 2012
ISSN: 1364-503X,1471-2962
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0537